Scientists Discover a Key Reason Why Running Boosts Brain Health

Exercise increases levels of BDNF, a chemical involved in brain cell growth, which boosts the release of the hormone dopamine. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is known to play a key role in movement, motivation, and learning.

Boost in nerve-growth protein helps explain why running supports brain health.

Exercise increases levels of a chemical involved in brain cell growth, which bolsters the release of the “feel good” hormone dopamine, new research shows. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is known to play a key role in movement, motivation, and learning.

Experts have long understood that regular running raises dopamine activity in the brain and may protect nerve cells from damage. In addition, past research has tied exercise-driven boosts in the dopamine-triggering chemical called brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and in dopamine levels to improvements in learning and memory. However, the precise way these three factors interact has remained unclear until now.  

Led by researchers at NYU Grossman School of Medicine, the investigation revealed that mice running on a wheel for 30 days had a 40% increase in dopamine release in the dorsal striatum, the part of the brain involved in movement, compared to levels in mice that did not exercise. In addition, the runners showed a nearly 60% increase in BDNF levels compared to their non-running counterparts. Notably, even after a week of rest, the increase in dopamine release remained elevated. Additionally, when BDNF levels were artificially reduced, running did not lead to additional dopamine release.

“Our findings suggest that BDNF plays a key role in the long-lasting changes that occur in the brain as a result of running,” says study lead author and neurobiologist Guendalina Bastioli, PhD. “Not only do these results help explain why exercise makes you move, think, and feel better, they also show that these benefits continue even if you do not work out every day,” adds Bastioli, a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Neuroscience at NYU Langone Health.

While researchers have previously measured dopamine activity during running, the new investigation provides insight into the longer-term behavior of the hormone and its effects on the brain well after exercise stops, according to Bastioli. The report was published online on May 16, 2022, in the Journal of Neuroscience.

For the investigation, researchers provided dozens of male mice with unlimited access to either a freely rotating wheel or a locked wheel that could not move. After one month, the team measured dopamine release and BDNF levels in brain slices. They repeated this same process on a new group of rodents, some of which had been genetically modified to produce half as much BDNF as regular mice.

The study authors note that patients with Parkinson’s disease and other movement disorders are often treated with drugs that mimic dopamine’s effects on motor neurons. However, the mechanism behind dopamine’s role in this protective benefit of exercise had not been thoroughly explored. 

“Our results help us understand why exercise alleviates the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, as well as those of neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression,” says study senior author and neuroscientist Margaret Rice, PhD. “Now that we know why physical activity helps, we can explore it as a means of augmenting or even replacing the use of dopamine-enhancing drugs in these patients.”

Rice, a professor in the Departments of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience and Physiology at NYU Langone, cautions that while the preliminary findings in rodents were promising, future studies in humans will be required to fully understand the role of BDNF and dopamine in Parkinson’s disease.

She adds that the study team next plans to investigate the relationship between exercise and these chemicals in female mice, which notably run more frequently than males. In addition, the researchers intend to directly examine whether active mice indeed have improved motor skills compared with those with limited physical activity.

Reference: “Voluntary exercise boosts striatal dopamine release: evidence for the necessary and sufficient role of BDNF” by Guendalina Bastioli, Jennifer C. Arnold, Maria Mancini, Adam C. Mar, Begoña Gamallo-Lana, Khalil Saadipour, Moses V. Chao and Margaret E. Rice, 16 May 2022, JNeurosci.
DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2273-21.2022

In addition to Bastioli and Rice, other NYU study investigators involved in the study were Moses Chao, PhD; Jennifer Arnold, PhD; Maria Mancini, PhD; Adam Mar, PhD; Begoña Gamallo-Lana, PhD; and Khalil Saadipour, PhD.

Funding for the study was provided by National Institute on Drug Abuse grant DA0510165. Further funding support was provided by the Marlene and Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson’s and Movement Disorders.

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